Christian D. Langevin, U.S. Geological Survey
Storage of freshwater in saline aquifers is complicated by buoyancy effects, which can increase mixing between native and injected waters and reduce the quantity of recoverable water. Numerical modeling offers a proven approach for representing the complex mixing patterns that develop when freshwater is injected into a saline aquifer. The U.S. Geological Survey distributes the SEAWAT computer program, which is a combined version of MODFLOW and MT3DMS designed to simulate variable-density groundwater flow coupled with solute transport. In a SEAWAT simulation, the effects of density (calculated from MT3DMS concentrations using an equation of state) are included within each solution of the flow equation as buoyancy terms. Accordingly, SEAWAT can be used to simulate the injection and storage of freshwater in a saline aquifer and the salinity of recovered water. Three-dimensional numerical models of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) can require extensive computer memory and execution times. One way to improve the efficiency of ASR modeling studies is to begin with simple, two-dimensional radial models developed in the vertical section. These simple radial models can be used to quickly identify appropriate levels of spatial and temporal resolution, as well as efficient flow and transport solution procedures. Preliminary calibration can also be performed with the two-dimensional models before initiating more computationally demanding three-dimensional models. This paper demonstrates the use of SEAWAT for simulating ASR in areas where freshwater is injected into saline aquifers. Preliminary radial models are included to show time-saving strategies in model development. SEAWAT is based on two popular and widely used computer programs (MODFLOW and MT3DMS) and thus, it provides an intuitive mean for developing simulations that include the effects of buoyancy-driven mixing.
The 2007 Ground Water Summit