2007 Ground Water Summit

Wednesday, May 2, 2007 : 3:20 p.m.

The Effects of Artificial Recharge on Nitrate Concentrations in Ground Water in the Unsewered Warren Subbasin, California

Rhett R. Everett, Hydrologist1, Tracy Nishikawa1, Peter Martin1 and Lee Pearl, General, Manager2, (1)U.S. Geological Survey, (2)Hi-Desert Water District

In 1995, the Hi-Desert Water District (HDWD) implemented an artificial ground-water recharge program in the unsewered 19 mi2 Warren subbasin in the Mojave Desert. Artificial recharge from imported water in spreading ponds in the eastern part of the subbasin increased ground-water levels by as much as 250 feet. As water levels rose, nitrate concentrations increased from 10 to more than 110 milligrams per liter (mg/L), due to the entrainment of septage. In 2006, HDWD constructed additional spreading ponds to recharge the western part of the subbasin. A ground-water management and monitoring plan was developed to maximize recharge and minimize increases in nitrate concentrations. Monitoring sites were installed at the recharge pond (YVUZ-1) and a nearby residential area with high septic-tank density (YVUZ-2). The sites contain heat-dissipation probes, suction-cup lysimeters, advanced tensiometers, and piezometers to monitor the artificial recharge.

Prior to artificial recharge, nitrate concentrations in pore-water samples collected from the unsaturated zone at YVUZ-1 and YVUZ-2 ranged from 10 to 66 mg/L and 10 to 2,100 mg/L, respectively. Data collected from YVUZ-2 indicate that septage has not migrated deeper than 130 feet below land surface (bls). Monitoring at YVUZ-1 indicates that artificial recharge reached the water table at 360 feet bls in 42 days, for an average velocity of 8.6 feet per day. A total of 1,685 acre-feet of imported water was recharged over five months, resulting in a water-level rise of less than 10 feet beneath the ponds and less than 5 feet beneath the residential area. Nitrate concentrations in samples collected from the unsaturated and saturated zones at YVUZ-1 decreased to less than 12 mg/L and increased to18 mg/L, respectively, in response to the recharge. Continued monitoring will assist water managers in making decisions that will help ensure that the water table remains lower than septage-related high-nitrate zones.


The 2007 Ground Water Summit