The single-channel MiniRes instrument has been used to map geology and to identify faults and water-bearing fracture zones within the Newark Basin of New Jersey using the moving Wenner-Schlumberger (WS) array to generate pseudosections of apparent resistivity and phase versus apparent depth - the so-called "RealSection" convention for portraying gradient data adopted by Canadian mining geophysicists during the early 1990's. Results of scale modelling carried out by the author show that WS measurements provide a better estimate of the dip of a conductive zone than dipole-dipole measurements.

Azimuthal offset-Wenner array resistivity measurements customarily used to determine the orientation of conductive fracture zones once they are detected can be displayed as vectors of residual conductivity.  However, it has been found that azimuthal measurements using a deep-focused gradient array are preferred in areas of conducting clay overburden in a karst environment.

A 25-foot gradient array 3-spread employing a three-wire electrical cable has been employed to make rapid measurements in 75-foot jumps at a single 70-foot search depth over a 100-foot x 100-foot grid to identify sets of fractures beneath 6-10 feet of conductive clay overlying the Cambrian Allentown dolomite.  Percent decrease in apparent resistivity is a useful means of tracing conductive zones across the grid.

The downhole azimuth survey method invented by Newmont Mining in the late 1950's has been investigated as a means of identifying and determining the orientation of water-bearing formations and fracture zones within water wells.  With this method current is sent on a dipole that straddles the well collar, and the potential is measured between the collar and consecutive 5-foot depth within the well. Complementary azmuthal surface measurements are necessary to effectively interpret the results.