This paper provides a brief overview of the approach used by EPA to conduct Superfund cleanups at contaminated sites, including those that are contaminated with radionuclides, to ensure protection of human health and the environment.  The paper addresses how EPA Superfund determines if a site poses a risk to human health and the framework used to determine cleanup levels.  The theme emphasized throughout the paper is that within the Superfund remediation framework, radioactive contamination is dealt with in a consistent manner as with chemical contamination, except to account for the technical differences between radionuclides and chemicals.  This consistency is important since at every radioactively contaminated site being addressed under Superfund’s primary program for long-term cleanup, the National Priorities List (NPL), chemical contamination is also present.

               Actions under Superfund must result in the protective cleanup of sites.  The CERCLA framework for addressing hazardous sites ensures that risks from radiological contamination will be addressed in a manner consistent with risks from non-radiological contamination, except to account for technical differences posed by radionuclides, and that cleanups for all contaminants will achieve protection of human health and the environment.  The same set of principles and decision making criteria apply equally to both chemical and radioactive hazards.