Developing a Conceptual Hydrogeologic Model for a Rainforest Watershed

The rationale to develop a Conceptual Hydrogeologic Model (CHM) in a one-square kilometer area located at Chiriquí, the most western province of Panamá, is discussed, as a contribution to the groundwater professionals in rainforest areas.
An integrated surface water- ground water scheme was used to evaluate the water budget in the study zone. In addition to the historic hydrometeorologic data available at the site, an additional, complete meteorological station and one hydrometric station was installed in the study area. As a component of the geological reconnaissance, several continuous geoelectrical surveys were conducted.  Hydrogeochemistry was assessed by sampling multiple surface water and groundwater points.
Several hydrological instruments were tested to collect the field data, including:  infiltrometers, portable drills, digital water current meters, hollow stem augers, and water level transducers.
The CHM was coded in a Mathematical model, using Visual Modflow. The results were used to evaluate the year-round availability of surface water and groundwater reserves; and then an integrated water resources approach was developed to comply with the water requirements of the planned urban development in the area, minimizing changes in the hydrologic patterns prevailing in the study area.  The CHM was used to specify drilling locations and depths, as well as the design of green infrastructure and stormwater management devices for the urban development.