Nanobubble ozone is a nanotechnology breakthrough for groundwater and soil remediation.  Coated and uncoated ozonated nanobubble treatment systems substantially increase the effectiveness and versatility of in-situ chemical oxidation.  The half-life of ozone, with nanobubble gaseous ozone, compared to dissolved ozone, is significantly increased as well as its reactivity.  The negatively-charged  spheroids modify the surface tension with water, allowing a higher density of bubbles at higher concentrations of ozone, compared to air or nitrogen gas bubbles with comparable flow.  As gaseous ozone dissolves outwards, the volume of the bubble enlarges with time as the negative charge dissipates.  With peroxide-coated microbubbles, the negative charge is retained, but a highly reactive spherical halo is created as peroxide reacts with the outward-diffusing dissolved ozone, yielding hydroxyl radicals.
At nanosize, the aqueous solution becomes milky, and the liquid/gas mixture becomes almost stable as vertical rise times are less than 1 meter/hour with the smaller fractions.  Solutions of both nanobubble ozone (Nanozone™) and hydroperoxide-coated nanobubble ozone (Nanozox™) show exceptional reactivity with petroleum alkanes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).  The attack on alkanes appears to be promoted by gas/liquid partitioning (Henry’s Constant), hydrogen bonding, and hydroxyl radical attack.
A generator has been developed to produce both forms and allowed pulsed injection into well screens as well as use with special points.  This allows the homogenized nanobubble solution to be utilized like other liquid chemical oxidants in recirculation well arrangements for groundwater and soil treatment.